Copyright (C) MCMLXXI by Paulette Cooper
Printed in U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved

to my parents TED & STELLA
with all my, love, and thanks

Contents

PREFACE  9
INTRODUCTION13
1.FROM Dianetics TO SCIENTOLOGY.....21
2.THE CONFESSIONALS ................27
3.LIFE AND SEX IN THE WOMB .........31
4.HAVE YOU LIVED BEFORE THIS LIFE...37
5.SPREADING THE WORD................43
6.THE ORG...........................47
7.THE SEA ORG.......................51
8.THE BRITISH AND AUSTRALIAN ORGS...57
9.ATTACKING THE ATTACKERS ..........69
10.THE SUPPRESSIVES ................75
11.THE SEXUAL AND CRIMINAL SECURITY CHECK 85
12.THE WORLD OF SCIENTOLOGY.........93
13.CHILDREN AND CELEBRITIES.........99
14.SCIENTOLOGY-BUSINESS OR RELIGION?107
15.IS SCIENTOLOGY POLITICAL?........115
16.SCIENTOLOGY VERSUS MEDICINE......123
17.THE SECRET SCIENTOLOGY SESSIONS..133
18.THE E-METER......................145
19.THE HIGH COST OF SCIENTOLOGY.....151
20.THE TRUTH ABOUT L RON HUBBARD....159
21.DOES SCIENTOLOGY WORK?...........169
CONCLUSION..........................185

PREFACE

The Scandal of Scientology is not the story of one isolated group. It tells of a loosely organized network of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of franchises, "Orgs," "Churches," etc., that have been established in various parts of the world. Each group has its own personality. Because one incident may have occurred in Australia or England, it does not necessarily mean that it has happened, or even could happen, in America, or vice versa. The only thing the Scientology groups or "Orgs" have in common is their acceptance of L. Ron Hubbard's theories and policies.

This book contains more historical than contemporary material. Some of the information comes from an American tax case that ran from 1956 to 1959; some of it comes from a 1963-1965 Inquiry in Victoria, Australia; and some comes from statements Hubbard made in the 1950's. Every day there are new directives, cancelling old policies and creating new ones so that the nature, beliefs and practices of Scientology are constantly changing. It is to Hubbard and the Scientologists' credit that the direction is generally a positive one, and that some of the less laudable practices outlined in this book appear on the wane.

I have tried to present the Scientologists' statements (quoting them directly whenever possible) and actions, along with the statements and actions of those who are against them or who have had difficulties with them. Until now, Scientologists have been able to keep the stories a secret, generally by suing. However, as more inquiries into Scientology are made, as more news stories about the organization are printed, and as more criticism against scientology is loaded, Scientologists may discover that law suits are ineffectual. Instead of trying to hide what is going on in their house, they may have to clean it up. If they don't, various national governments may not permit them to survive. The Scientologists are already recognizing this. Like many groups that were formerly, enfantes terribles, Scientology, if it continues in its current clean-up campaign, may one day become one of the world's most respected groups or Churches.

It has taken more than two years to gather all the material in this book. I would like to thank a few of the people who unselfishly gave of their time and energy to aid the project. First, I'd like to thank those who helped in the early phases of the manuscript: Haves B. Jacobs, C. Michael Curtis, and especially, Ann Bert, and Queen Magazine which published a small portion of this book. I am also especially grateful for the help later on of Michael I. Sanders, Ray Buckingham, Ralph Lee Smith, Susan Kideckel, Robin Wagner, Jay Larsan, and especially, Adelaide Ungerland. Finally, l'd like to thank those who helped me with this book in England: Victor Briggs, Paul Nix, and especially, Peter Haining.

A [scientology] "clear" can be tested for any and all psychoses, neuroses, compulsions and repressions (all aberrations) and can be examined for.. psychosomatic ills. These tests confirm the clear to be entirely without such ills or aberrations. Additional tests of his intelligence indicate it to be high above the current norm. Observation of his activity demonstrates that he pursues existence with vigour and satisfaction. L. Ron Hubbard

---

I find that I have seen very little, if any, result from Scientology processing that I would consider to be demonstrable results in the physical universe I have yet to see a stable "clear" that could operate better continuously in the physical universe. L. Ron Hubbard Jr.

INTRODUCTION

You may have seen them standing on street corners with a handful of leaflets, distributing them aggressively to passers by. You may not even have noticed them at all, because they look so much like you and me - except maybe a little younger, and sometimes a little more like a hippie. But if you had stopped to take one of their leaflets, you would have discovered that you were being invited to "step into the exciting world of the totally free" for a lecture on Scientology, "the applied philosophy of knowing." On closer perusal, you would have discovered that Scientology can "raise your I.Q. to over 135, give you creative imagination, amazing vitality, deep relaxation, good memory', strong will power, radiant health, magnetic personality and good self-control." It sounds pretty good, so it's possible that if you had nothing better to do that night, you may have found yourself outside one of their headquarters, about to step into what they call "the exciting world of the totally free." Once you walked into this world, you would have immediately noticed a number of large posters of a fatherly looking man, a book store with over thirty-five books, all written by the same man, a bulletin board listing various levels of "freedom," and everywhere, people running around, busy in some unseen activity, but never too busy to stop and greet each other and often you, the newcomer, with a handshake, a "thank you," a strange smile that seems to be attached to but not part of his face, and an intense stare that would startle a paranoid, but would please someone who likes to be looked straight in the eye.

After you settled in, you would be directed into a classroom, where a pleasant-looking man welcomed you to the "Church of Scientology". The man might begin the lecture rather nervously. He probably never spoke in public before he joined Scientology by telling you how Scientology changed his life.

"Six years ago I was a failure," he may begin, "earning $15,000 a year. I had a wife, a house, and a child. I hated my job, hated my wife, hated my life. On the weekends I used to lie in bed staring at the ceiling, wondering how I had ever gotten into this mess. And then I discovered Scientology."

"Beautiful," says a girl standing by the door, and everybody turns around to see an attractive brunette with a strange stare that immediately marks her as a Scientologist.

"Now I have discovered freedom," he continues. "I have left my wife. I have quit my job. And I am now earning $40 a week here lecturing to you. I am busy. I have wonderful new friends. I love my work here. I am now a real success through Scientology"

One man picks up his attache case and leaves; this is obviously not his idea of success. But the rest sit back, waiting to learn how he was saved by Scientology, expecting a speech full of thunder and lightning, and most of all, references to God. But no -the Church of Scientology rarely mentions God and the speech is more like a sales pitch than a revivalist meeting. The man is obviously selling something, but it's hard to tell exactly what it is. He does not talk in terms of prices or bargains, discounts or markups; he seems to be selling an elusive product called "happiness."

"We had a woman come in here who was in psychoanalysis for eight years," he continues. "Eight years. But after five days in Scientology, she had no more problems."

"Beautiful," says the Scientology girl again. But now the rest of the audience seems to be silently agreeing with her, and since her remark is no longer out of place, no one turns around to look at her. Instead. everyone is sitting up, straining slightly forward like runners waiting for the starting gun, waiting to hear more about the miracle. But again they are surprised. Instead of elaborating on how Scientology could have helped that woman, or anyone else. the lecturer goes into a long philosophical discourse on "communication." A few people walk out; several, too polite or too self-conscious, let their eyes wander over to the various exits as they secretly plan their escape. Their time comes about a half hour later when the lights are turned off and a movie about Scientology is flashed on a screen. Four or five people sneak out now, ducking low, perhaps anxious not to disturb others with their shadow on the screen, perhaps not wishing to be identified. Those who do stay, however are in for more surprises. The movie stars a man named L. Ron Hubbard who they realize, is the same man who wrote all those books outside and when L. Ron Hubbard comes on the screen, with an open shirt, ascot and the type of smile that suggests he's hiding gum in back of his mouth, the audience discovers that he is the same fatherly looking man who appeared in all the posters outside. Only now, he doesn't look nearly so composed. The film shows an interview on the British Broadcasting Company, and throughout, Hubbard keeps alternating his clenched smile with a look that suggests that his interviewer, or perhaps his questions, has a very bad odour. The film is as tiring as the lecture, but at last, that too is over, and the lecturer makes his final sales pitch only this time, he is selling something quite tangible the first Scientology course, which he says might increase your I.Q. by fifteen or twenty points, but is "guaranteed to help you improve your communication or your money back" for only $15.

If you had been one of the dozen people still left, it is possible that you would have signed up for that course, along with the rest of the people who remained. After all, where else in this world could you find a promise of instant happiness for only $15 with a money-back guarantee as well? where else, if you're Ionely, could you find such an immediate world of promising friends. If you're sexually. or socially frustrated, where else could you find as many young single attractive people? If you didn't get as far in school as you would have liked, where else could you take a few courses and attach a (Scientology) B.A. to your name -or better still, for a few more courses be called "Doctor" or "Reverend"? In fact, if you always wanted to be a doctor, psychiatrist, or priest, where else could you become the equivalent of this in less than a year of training? And if you're curious about this exciting world of the totally, free that you've accidentally stumbled upon, how else could you find out more about it without parting that $15--

Some of the people who signed up for Scientology to satiate their curiosity might have done better if they had read the newspapers. They would have read that Scientology is currently being investigated in England. They would have read that Scientology has been banned in Victoria, Australia, Western Australia, and South Australia. They would have read that in Scientology, some people are allowed to listen to the most intimate sexual secrets of other people after just a few months of training. They would have read of the "death lessons" that were once being taught in British schools devised by Scientologists. They would have read of a group called "The Process" that worships sex and the devil and believes in every type of sexual perversion they were started by Scientologists. They would have read of a man named Charles Manson, convicted of murdering Sharon Tate and others; he may have been a Scientologist. They would have read of a group that tried to "take over" the National Association of Mental Health in England; they too were Scientologists. They would have read about the Scientology "Reverend" who was sleeping with a married woman who had come to him for help with her marital problems, and who was shot by the husband of the woman. They would have read of a group that makes its members hold on to a "Lie detector" while the leaders asked them the most intimate details about their sexual life, and then took these answers and sent them to the leader of the group that is Scientology.

My own introduction to Scientology started about a year and a half ago. It was the day after Robert F. Kennedy was killed and I was still a little shaky, still glued to the TV set, still moaning that such a tragedy couldn't have happened twice. In the midst of my mourning, I received a frantic call from a former boss of mine, a man in his forties whom I hadn't seen in a couple of years, who said it was imperative to see me immediately. When he arrived, carrying a flowerpot with a McCarthy button stuck in the soil, I poured him a drink and sat down in the chair across from him, waiting to hear what was so important

"Come over here and sit on my lap," he said coyly. "There's something I have to tell you."

I obeyed, not realizing what was about to happen.

"I've just discovered who I am," he said, and I sat there quietly, waiting for his reply.

"God," he told me.

I got off his lap quickly. Unfortunately, it wasn't quite that easy to get off the subject. He prattled on and on like a paranoid, telling me what it was like to be God.

"When did you discover you were God?" I finally interrupted.

"Since I joined Scientology," he told me.

"Oh I think I've read a little about them," I laughed. "Aren't they the ones who believe we've been reincarnated for 74 trillion years?"

He nodded.

"Oh come on," I chided. "You don't really believe that. You're so conservative, House in Long Island, nice kids, a wife."

"Not any more," he told me. "I left her." "Why?" "She was suppressing me."

"Was she against Scientology?"

"Yes," he admitted. "But she was wrong. Scientology has helped me."

"But anything helps a person for a while if he believes in it," I said, and started arguing with him about faith healing.

"You're wrong," he told me "and just to prove to you that Scientology has really helped me, look how much I've changed. All I used to care about was making money. Now all I care about is helping people. I've given $700 away this week to people standing on the street corner who looked like they needed to be helped. Look" he said, and removed several crumpled sheets of paper from his pocket and began reading the names, phone numbers, and occupations of every person he'd met in the past few weeks from hippies in the Village to the conductor who'd taken his train ticket.

"What are you going to do with those?" I asked him.

"Help them, too," he said.

"How?" "By keeping the Mafia away from them."

"But the Mafia isn't after them," I protested.

"That's because I wrote down their names," he replied.

I decided to stop arguing; he was too far gone. Instead I sat there for a while, listening to his delusions of persecution by the Mafia, of his conversations with God, of the changes in his life since he had joined Scientology, and of all the reasons why I should join it too. After a while he stopped talking altogether and went into a trance. I sat there quietly until I noticed that his eyes were riveted on me. I immediately panicked, because after I graduated college, I had worked for a short while with patients at a mental hospital. After a few difficult situations, I knew what his glazed look meant.

I was right.

"God has decided to rape you," he said slowly, as he started walking all too quickly toward me.

I didn't dare show how frightened I was. The trick for handling people when they got dangerous at the hospital was to keep talking to keep them talking. But now with both arms like a vise around me, and only one thought on his mind, it was hard to find another topic to interest him.

"Tell me more about Scientology," I finally said. This worked. He released his grip and went into another trance, talking again about how Scientology had helped him.

"Just look at what it's done for me," he said, while I was trying to steer him out the door.

I took a long, hard look.

Two weeks later he was in a mental institution

After that evening, I put 'Scientology' down on my list as a possible topic to write about. But I didn't really decide to investigate it until I bumped into another old friend who had also become a Scientologist. He too tried to persuade me to join.

"I know all about that," I said, cutting him off right in the middle of his perfectly practiced sales pitch. "In fact, do you remember X who used to work with us in our company? He was in Scientology."

"I know," said my Scientology friend proudly. "I was the one who brought him in."

"Well," I fumed, "do you also 'know that he is now in a mental institution? While he was in Scientology he decided he was God."

"Maybe," said my Scientologist friend, "he really is."

CHAPTER ONE

FROM DIANETICS TO SCIENTOLOGY

"The sun never sets on Scientology" -- from "The Aims of Scientology"

The impact of this book, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, was incredible. Dianetics clubs sprang up everywhere. People referred to Hubbard's book simply as The Book, and thought of it more as The Bible. Thousands were throwing Dianetic parties and reliving their birth (in keeping with the Dianetics Philosophy which stated that a person's prenatal experiences were the cause of many of that person's problems today). What had once been a Seance had at last become Science.

But then, just when everyone was having fun. a few critics had to come along and spoil it all. Dianetics was discredited by the professional doctors and their organizations, and America deserted it to search for Bridey Murphy (the Irish woman who believed she had been reincarnated) instead.

Dianetics then also quietly underwent a rebirth. First, people could no longer become "doctors" just by buying Hubbard's book. Instead, they had to pay to take courses at his institutions before they could get "professional" courses. Secondly, Hubbard changed the "science" of Dianetics to a "religion." And last, he renamed this religion "Scientology."

Not everyone applauded these moves. One critic said the name "Scientology" was no more impressive than if a fruit shop proprietor decided to call himself a "Fruitologist." But most of the objections and suspicions were levied not at the name but at the "religion." Agnostics seemed to resent the religion, and the religious may have resented the agnosticism.

Scientologists did accept the idea of God, but believed that God existed in each man as a "thetan," which is roughly comparable to the "spirit" or "soul." They therefore preached that man doesn't have a soul or spirit he is a spirit called a thetan. God. when he was referred to, was sometimes called the Big Thetan. In addition to worshipping a deity, Scientology also had some other religious elements as well. Its adherents were imbued with a missionary fervor, eager to march forth and deliver the gospel according to Hubbard. In addition, the followers took on faith in everything Hubbard said. And finally, L. Ron Hubbard - or "Ron" as believers called him - the Western Guru, inventor, leader and promoter of Dianetics and Scientology, while never proclaiming he was God, was placed in an almost equally exalted position by his followers.

Many people were still suspicious about Dianetics' conversion to religion, perhaps because the "science" of Dianetics had run into so many difficulties that mining it into a religion and renaming it may have seemed like an attempt to evade its pervasive problems. The first problem was the desertion of one of the earliest and most prestigious adherents of Dianetics, Dr. J. A. Winter. Winter had written the foreword to Hubbard's book and had become the director of Hubbard's Dianetic Institute.

After he severed his relationship with Dianetics, he wrote a book called A Doctors Report on Dianetics, which not only criticized Hubbard's research and methods, but said that Dianetics was causing people to go psychotic. He discussed the case of one person who was treated by the Dianetic institute and then disappeared, returning later and stating he had with him "one of my disciples, Saint Simon..."

In addition, in January of 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners instituted proceedings against Hubbard's Dianetic Organization for operating an unlicensed medical school, and possibly for letting people append an "M.D." after their names, representing not a "Medical Doctor" but a "Master of Dianetics." Also, Hubbard had some philosophical differences with a Dianetic Foundation he had established in California and broke off with them. Hubbard's Wichita foundation filed a voluntary petition of bankruptcy on February 21, 1951. Some of Hubbard's other organizations in Phoenix, Philadelphia and London were successful, but he ran into difficulties later in Washington when he established The Founding Church of Scientology there. And then, to add to Hubbard's troubles and successes, he brought Scientology abroad.

By March, 1959, Hubbard had moved the entire operation over to England's Saint Hill Manor in East Grinstead, Sussex, right outside London. He left America, according to the London Times "because the atmosphere was being poisoned by nuclear experiments." By the time he left America, he had 153 franchised Scientology auditors here. A "franchise" may be a strange structure for a group that insists they're a Church, and that may explain why they've recently renamed them "missions."

It doesn't matter whether they are called missions or franchises. What does matter is that they all had to turn over ten percent of their gross income to Hubbard. In addition, by that time. he had established headquarters or "Orgs" as they called them (short for organizations) in various parts of Australia, Africa, New Zealand and Europe all turning over ten percent of their income to Hubbard, too.

While such an arrangement would seem quite enviable, Hubbard's problems were just beginning. The British were not enchanted with Scientology. They refused to recognize Saint Hill as a Church; Hubbard could only claim it as an educational establishment. Then, they refused to give Scientology students visas to enter the country for study or work at Saint Hill. And finally, they decided to set up an Inquiry into Scientology, which is now under way.

If the Inquiry is anything like the other Inquiries, Hubbard's problems are far from over. After Victoria, Australia, completed its Scientology Inquiry, Scientology was banned and its practice was made punishable by up to $500 and two years in jail. In South Australia, officials outlawed Scientology and their use of E-meters, a device similar to a lie detector. In Western Australia, Scientology was also banned. In New Zealand officials conducted an Inquiry into Scientology, but decided not to ban it because they felt it had changed (although they did criticize some of its earlier methods and expressed concern over certain Scientology practices). Scientology was not banned in New South Wales, however, where anybody can set himself up as a consulting psychologist (one New South Wales man who was convicted of kidnapping and murder had at one point in his career styled himself as a therapist). And in South Africa, where an Inquiry is currently under way, it does not look hopeful. One witness allegedly testified that the Scientologists were planning to arm 5.000 Africans and seize control of the government. A member of South Africa's Parliament referred to Scientology as a "cancer like communism that could destroy South Africa." And yet, despite all the Inquiries, despite all the bannings, and despite all the negative publicity, outsiders estimate that the Scientologists probably have several hundred thousand followers in .America (possibly a quarter of a million in California alone), maybe one hundred thousand in England, and possibly two to three million in the world. The Scientologists' own figures are even more glowing; they claim at least four million members in America and probably five million members in the world. One thing is certain Scientology is expanding, and probably tripled or quadrupled its members in the past few years.

What is the future of Scientology'? Will its adherents revive Dianetics, as they are doing in America and England now, if they run into more and more difficulties? Will they repeat their claims that they are a science, or will they make their claims that they are a religion even more vociferously? In a letter titled "Scientology 1970," Hubbard wrote that Scientology would be planned on a religious basis throughout the world. The letter concluded: "This will not upset in any way the usual activities of any organization. It is entirely a matter for accountants and solicitors."

CHAPTER TWO

THE CONFESSIONALS

When matters of sex and perversion are introduced... as is frequently the case, they are discussed and probed and dwelt upon sometimes for hours on end. The quality of the filth and depravity recorded in the files as being discussed... almost defies description. -- from the Australia Inquiry

During this Scientology "Confessional," which is called "auditing" and sometimes "processing," the preclear holds onto two empty tin cans, usually soup or V-8 juice, which are connected to a crude galvanometer Scientologists call an "E-meter." The preclear believes that the E-meter works somewhat like a lie detector. He is told that it is a "truth detector," however, and he therefore reveals increasingly intimate details of his life to his auditor while holding on to the meter.

There are major differences between the Catholic and Episcopalian confessionals and a Scientologist confessional. First of all, before they will audit him, the Scientologists make the confessor sign a release form swearing he will never sue them. Second, the Scientologists charge people for the opportunity of unburdening themselves and they charge a great deal of money for this privilege. Third, the person has very little choice about what he "confesses" because he is asked certain questions repeatedly, such as "Have you done anything your mother would be ashamed to find out?" He must not only answer these questions but he must answer them fully and truthfully or else the "lie detector" will give him away. Fourth, the intimate information he reveals to his auditor is not kept completely confidential. As many as ten people may examine these files, since a preclear's records are available to all of his auditors (who often number five or six), plus the Director of Processing and occasionally the Ethics Officer, a type of internal police officer in the Scientology organization. In addition, Hubbard has access to these records. Portions of a preclear's files may be sent to the main Scientology headquarters at Saint Hill so that Hubbard can review them for research.

Finally, in addition to not always maintaining complete confidentiality cases have occurred (and they are certainly the exception and not the rule) in which some of the auditors have also failed to maintain a proper professional relationship with their preclears. One reason for this may be the surprising physical intimacy that exists between auditor and preclear. In at least one exercise that is part of the Scientology auditing, the auditor and preclear are seated in chairs without arms, close together, with their knees intertwined. In other exercises the auditors may touch or move the preclear around, or touch his hands for several hours, moving them slowly in a circular motion, (an act which could surely become quite sensual after a long period of time).

Ethical problems may have also occurred because many of these auditors are only in their teens or early twenties. Teenagers, wrote a scientology director once, "make the SWINGINGEST auditors." Yet despite their age, these teens are supposed to remain objective and uninvolved while listening to what the Australian Inquiry described as "normal and abnormal sexual matters that are frequently dwelt upon in great detail and in an erotic manner." During these sessions, the preclear is encouraged to shed his inhibitions, and his reticence or reluctance to reveal the most intimate things may be disparaged. Scientology files have contained such statements as "pc (preclear) gets often the urge to move down to his sex organs. If he does that he gets restimutated." Or "pc has a bug about sending sexual beams at auditor," or even "pc disturbed because he came to have auditing and now wants to have sexual intercourse."

Apparently, it's not only the preclear that has gotten sexually stimulated in such an atmosphere. One male auditor wrote on his preclear's file that she was "sexy as hell." In another case, the Reverend William J. Fisk (a Scientology Reverend) was conducting his scientology class in Seattle when Russell Edward Johnson, thirty six, a carpenter and building contractor entered the room. According to the Seattle Times, Fisk shouted "This man is going to shoot me. Go get a cop. Please someone get a cop." But his plea was too late. With one bullet in his chest, fired by Russell Johnson, the Reverend was dead.

During the murder trial it came out that Reverend Fisk, the one who was killed, was not only having an affair with Johnson's wife, but had revealed the fact to Johnson himself, boasting that Johnson's wife was completely under his control. The wife also told her husband that she had been having an affair, and in fact, sued him for divorce on the day before the murder. The wife, a mother of four children, had spent approximately $l.000 on Scientology, and had been going for help with her marital problems. (If anyone is wondering what happened to Johnson afterwards, forget what you read in Anatomy of a Murder. In that book, a husband killed the man who had intercourse with his wife, pleaded "irresistible impulse" and went free. In this case, Johnson pleaded "temporary, insanity" and was sentenced to fifteen years in prison.)

Other ethical difficulties may arise because the auditors are just hastily trained layman. Their backgrounds are not checked or investigated, they only answer a simple true false questionnaire about themselves. According to a United States tax case, in Chicago, the scientology Reverend Justin agreed to audit a woman for $1,000 on the condition that he could move into the house with her, her husband, and their three young daughters. After the Reverend entrenched himself firmly in the home, the husband saw that the Reverend was upsetting his wife and asked him to leave. He refused. Nine months after he finally did go, the parents learned that the Reverend had secretly tried to see and possibly to remove two of their young daughters who were staying in a Girl Scout Camp. Girl Scout authorities stopped him and informed the parents. The parents still suspected nothing until one month later the Reverend was found wandering around the halls of the young girls' grammar school looking for the three of them. The authorities took him to the principal's office, found out what he was doing, and called the wife. Several months later, three United States Marshals came to the parents' home looking for the Reverend Justin, saying there was a complaint against him elsewhere for molesting little girls.

CHAPTER THREE
LIFE AND SEX IN THE WOMB

Please pick up the somatic at the beginning and roll the engram. L. Ron Hubbard

The purpose of Scientology "auditing" or "processing" is to help the preclear get rid of his "engrams." which Scientology say are a type of impression imprinted on the protoplasm of the cell itself. Hubbard believes that these engrams are stored in the "reactive mind" (roughly comparable to Freud's unconscious) and that before a person can solve his problems, the engram has to be refiled in the "analytic" mind (in other words the conscious mind). By transferring the engrams in this manner, a person is supposed to become aware of his problems and is presumably able to resolve them.

These engrams are said to have been recorded on the cells during moments of unconsciousness or extreme pain. In addition, they begin to record not from the moment we were born, but from the moment we were conceived, sometimes earlier. Some Scientology are able to remember being a sperm or even the egg eagerly waiting to be met by the sperm. Thus it is obvious that Scientologists believe that many of our problems started long before we were born. Hubbard's theory never makes it really clear, at least in a manner that would be accepted by most medical doctors, exactly how engrams can be planted before a foetus had developed a nervoussystem or the sense organs which to register an impression, or even how a person could retain or "remember" verbal statements before he had command of a language. Scientologists simply accept his theory on faith, that if a husband beats his pregnant wife and shouts "take that" as he hits her, a "take that" engram can be planted in the womb. Thus, when junior grows up. he might react to this statement literally, and become a thief whose goal is to "take that." In fact, if you examine Hubbard's view of marital life as reflected in the case studies of his first book, you discover that most fathers spent a good portion of their marital lives giving engrams to their unborn children by beating their wives while they were pregnant with junior or while in the act of conceiving him. But the fathers weren't the only villains. Many of the mothers Hubbard depicted made Medea look like the Madonna. When these mothers weren't being knocked up or knocked down by their husbands, they were usually giving their unborn children engrams with AA (Attempted Abortion). Hubbard wrote that "twenty or thirty abortion attempts are not uncommon in the aberee," and there are so many attempted abortions in Hubbard's case histories that it sometimes seems to be a miracle that any of us got here at all. Those children who did make it through, despite the attempted abortion, suffered later in life, not only from the traces of whatever the mother used to try to abort him, usually knitting needles according to Hubbard, but because when he grew up, he was condemned to live with murderers whom he knows reactively to be murderers through all of his weak and helpless youth because he could "remember" the abortion attempt.

Readers should not be alarmed if they are unable to remember their life in the womb, or conception. The earliest a non-Scientologist can remember, according to most doctors and psychiatrists, is approximately eighteen months. Hubbard says that we can remember earlier, and one of the reasons we think we can't is of course attempted abortion.

"The standard attempted abortion case nearly always has an infanthood and childhood full of Mama assuring him that he cannot remember anything when he was a baby. She doesn't want him to recall how handy she was, if unsuccessful, in her efforts with various instruments. Possibly prenatal memory itself would be just ordinary memory. if this guilty conscience in mother had not been rolling..."

Hubbard also said that another reason the mothers encouraged the child either to forget or think they couldn't remember was that "Mama often has had a couple of more men than Papa that Papa never knew about." He also implied that this is why mothers might not want their children to go into Dianetics, so that as early as Hubbard's first book, where this appeared, Hubbard was saying that people who fought Dianetics had crimes that they were trying to conceal-- a theme which later becomes almost an obsession with him.

When Hubbard's mothers weren't trying to abort themselves, or being beaten, they were often having affairs. This situation could also give the unborn child an engram, especially if the child in the womb was ultimately to be named after the father. Hubbard believed that many of these unfaithful wives made unpleasant remarks about their husbands to their lovers, and that junior, who was being knocked practically unconscious in the womb by the sex act, would "hear" these remarks and think they were aimed at him.

It is obvious that with all the lovers trysts, attempted abortions, beatings, etc., life in the womb was no joy for junior. Hubbard wrote that there were even more problems since there were "intestinal squeaks, groans, flowing water, belches" all making continual sounds for the foetus or embryo. It was also quite tight in there, a situation which was aggravated if the mother had high blood pressure. In addition, if the mother sneezed, the "baby gets knocked unconscious." If the mother ran into a table, "baby gets his head shoved in." If the mother was constipated, "baby in an anxious effort gets squashed." If the mother took quinine-- presumably for an attempted abortion the child could have a ringing sound in his ears throughout his life. And if the parents had intercourse, the child had the additional sensation of being put through a washing machine. Not only was the foetus or embryo supposed to be aware of the sensation of intercourse between his parents, or whomever, but the engram could record what they were saying as well. The following case was allegedly remembered by a preclear.

GIRL: I wonder what they're doing? then a pause.) I hear a squishing sound! (Then a pause and embarrassment.) Oh!

AUDITOR: Recount the engram please.

GIRL: There's sort of a faint rhythm at first and then it gets faster. I can hear breathing. Now it's beginning to bear down harder but a lot less than it did the first time. Then it eases up and I hear my father's voice: "Oh honey, I won't come in you now." . . . and my mother [says] "I don't want you in there at all then. You cold fish."

When the parents have intercourse, it not only has an adverse effect on the child at the time, Hubbard claims, but the results could be quite dangerous later in life. Hubbard says that many patients remember having been raped by their fathers (Freud came across many such cases and recognized them as fantasies). According to Hubbard., a preclear who remembers being raped by her father may be right, only she may have been in the womb at the time.

To show us how bad life in the womb really was, Hubbard tells us the story of a man who "had passed for 'normal' for thirty-six years of his life." Through Dianetics treatment, they discovered that while the man's mother was pregnant with him, she had had intercourse seventy-six times with her husband (who was sometimes drunk) and her lover ("all painful because of enthusiasm of lover"). In addition, she masturbated eighty-one times ("with fingers, jolting and injuring with orgasm"), and douched on twenty-two separate occasions. Like most of the other mothers, she also tried AA (Attempted Abortion) with twenty-two surgical abortions, a couple of home-made jobs with paste and strong lysol, a few desperate attempts by jumping off a box, and on another occasion by having her husband sit on her stomach. In addition, she was constipated fifty-two times, had three colds, one case of grippe, one hangover, thirty-three cases of morning sickness, thirty-eight fights (presumably with her husband) which led to three falls, five incidents of the hiccups, eighteen various accidents and collisions, nineteen visits to the doctor, premature labor pains and ultimately twenty nine hours of labor. And to top it all off, she talked to herself, which Hubbard says gave the man even more engrams to work on. Hubbard tells us that this man who had had all these awful things happen to him while in the womb, took 500 hours to cure. Hubbard also said he picked the case because it contained "the usual problems."

It would seem that the engram sees all, hears all, and registers everything, but sometimes it is incorrect. One auditor reported that a rash on the backside of his preclear, and it was not stated how the auditor found out about that rash, started when the preclear was in the womb and his mother frequently asked for an aspirin. The engram .was said to have accidentally misrecorded this as "ass burn."

Ira Wallach, who wrote a book called Hopalong-Freud, poked fun at these theories in a special chapter he devoted to "Dianetics."

Picture the mind as a refrigerator (gas or electric). Now Dianetics demonstrates that part of the mind retains concepts not available for immediate use or analysis. These concepts have been frozen in the mind's ice tray. In another section of the mind we find the crisper. The crisper keeps ideas and concepts fresh, edible, and not too damp. (Green ideas should be left on the window sill for a few days.) Controlling both the ice tray and the crisper is the defroster.

Wallach then poked fun at the "clear" a Scientologist who has gotten rid of his engrams and problems-calling him a "crisp." He called the "preclear" a "precrisp."

In such a patient you will find the ice tray empty, the crisper full, and a dozen eggs behind the can of peaches. He is what we call in diapetics, a crisp... People who have not undergone therapy are precrisps... a person whose ice cubes have melted to the extent that they can be moved without resort to hammer and screwdriver .... Thus we can see at a glance that Diapetics realizes a centuries-old dream: it is a science that explains the mind.

CHAPTER FOUR
HAVE YOU LIVED BEFORE THIS LIFE?

It isn't a matter of believing or not believing you have lived before. lt's a matter of remembering or not remembering you have lived before. ---from "Have You Lived Before This Life," L Ron Hubbard

If the prenatal theories of Dianetics appeared startling to some, Scientology had something even more radical to offer: past lives presented not as a matter of conjecture but as a matter of certainty. In addition to "remembering" their .life in the womb, Scientologists can "remember" the past lives of their immortal thetan or spirit, which is said to have lived in many bodies before ours. Hubbard used to believe that this thetan had existed for 74 trillion years, but he now believes it's longer. One Scientologist claims he fell out of a spaceship 55,000,000,000,000,000,000 years ago and became a manta ray fish after having been killed by one. This thetan, which is said to be one-quarter to two inches in diameter and blind or dimsighted at first, would look for a new body after each death, sometimes following a woman who looked like she might become pregnant. Some thetans, however, had to go to "implant stations" to get a new body, and since there were more thetans than bodies, some of them had to queue up for as long as 22 million years just waiting. Scientologists believe that the past lives and deaths of their thetans are the cause of some of their problems today. For example, Hubbard thought it possible that someone suffering from psoriasis (a skin disease) may have contracted it from the remains of the digestive fluid when the person (or his thetan) was being eaten by an animal in one of his past lives. If a person frequently clenches his jaws, or suffers from a pain there or in his tooth, it could be a vestige from the days that his thetan was in the body of a primeval clam which was having trouble opening and closing its shell. Hubbard said that if the pain in the jaw was associated with a fear of failing, then the clam might have been picked up by a bird.

Hubbard believes that millions of years ago many of us were this same primeval clam, which he calls a "BooHoo" or "Grim Weeper," and if a Scientologist walks into an auditing session and finds that he can't cry, Hubbard said it may be "because he is about to be hit by a wave, has his eyes full of sand, or is frightened about opening his shell because he is afraid of being hit." The auditor may try to cure him by making him "run the Boo-Hoo," that is, by getting him either to "imagine that his eyes are in his mouth looking out" or to go through the physical motions of crying so he "connects" with the Grim Weeper or Boo-Hoo. Hubbard himself doesn't claim to have been a clam, but he does claim to have lived in ancient Rome a couple of thousand years ago, where he picked up a formula for feeding non-breast-fed babies. He has since passed this formula on to his followers in one of his many chatty newsletters.

Scientologists spend a great deal of time during their auditing sessions talking and resolving their past lives. One Scientologist was said to have gone into a state of grief when she realized she had been her father's lover before she was born. Another Scientologist was concerned because his wife was now living with another man who had once been her husband -- in one of her previous lifetimes. A Boston cab driver and part time Harvard student discovered during an auditing session that his current headaches started when he was a Roman Centurion in 216 B.C., during the Battle of Cannae. He believes that someone from the Roman Burial party, mistakenly believing him dead, tried to kick his helmet back onto his head. Despite this incident he still has his headaches, but this hasn't shaken his belief in Scientology. His faith didn't falter even when one of his Scientology friends, after spending hundreds of hours in the group getting rid of all of his engrams and becoming a "clear" moved to Albuquerque and committed suicide. He attributed the suicide not to Scientology, but to living in Albuquerque.

Hubbard has devoted a special book called Have you Lived Before this Life: A Scientific Survey just to past-life case histories of Scientologists. The preface of this book also contains the names and addresses of the people who took part in the experiment so that the cynical could check its facts. The names listed, however, were not those of the preclear who had relived the experience, but those of the auditor who elicited the stories from them and all auditors are advanced, dedicated and believing Scientologists.

Strangely enough, few subjects in this experiment thought they had ever been famous in their past lives, except for one British man who was uncertain whether or not he had once been Lord Nelson. (The details of his death, without even a passing reference to his good friend Hardy, suggest that he was not.) A few people, however, believed that they had been 'animals before being humans in this life, and elsewhere, Hubbard told the story of a "psychotic" girl who recovered after she worked through an earlier life as a lion who ate its keeper. Hubbard also said that some intelligent dogs or horses might have once been generals or ministers of state who were taking it easy for a life or two to cure them of their ulcers.

Most of the Scientologists who relived their past lives believed that they had once been plain people, or very often space people, and for plots, their histories read like a type of science-fiction sadomasochism. Many of the preclears believed that they had lived on other planets, and that the most unimaginably terrible things happened to them during "wars between worlds and celestial travel become universes whose existence was not even suspected before Hubbard's time," said the Australian inquiry

One preclear remembered that when he was in another life and was five years old he was "already on the lookout for brothels," by fourteen or fifteen had learned all about "sex and homosexuals," and by sixteen had killed his father, baby, and captain, breaking up the body of the last, before finally being taken away to the "Zap machine" where he was decapitated and his arms and body placed in a space coffin. One man remembered that when he was in another life he was a Roman soldier who strangled his wife with a cord, killed a slave, was beaten across the face with the handle of a chariot whip and then was himself killed by a lion in an arena. Accounts of other past lives included: one man who accidentally stabbed his pregnant wife in the stomach with clippers, thereby killing his baby; one who intentionally raped and killed his wife; and one who somehow accidentally 'killed his twelve-year-old daughter with a pitchfork when he caught her having intercourse. A sexually neurotic woman who refused to open her legs during childbirth, so that her baby had to be born while she was lying on her side, traced her problem back to another life in which she claimed to have been tortured and killed by being cut with a knife "down the center of her genitalia."

Throughout Hubbard's book on other lives there is a strange repetitive theme of torture or excision of the eyes, a theme that can also be found in some of Hubbard's other writings. One person said his eyes had been burned out with a hot iron brand before he had been stretched on the rack; another said his head had been clamped into a metal frame had his left eye blinded with a hot instrument (and also his ear drums pierced); another said he pushed a needle through each of his eyeballs into the frontal lobe; and a fourth said that red hot irons had been thrust into his eyes while he was chained to a cross.

Just as a preclear's life in the womb was painful, so was his life before. A preclear may spend as many as fifty-five hours on just one past life, and often undergoes a great deal of mental anguish in reliving it. Throughout the book there are statements that people had "convulsive body movements," cried a great deal "at the loss of her body" (in other words, her death), or protested that "I can't go on." But go on they must. The preclear must obey his auditor when the auditor tells him to "be in' that incident," and then asks him, "what part of that incident can you confront?" The preclear must then repeat the story over and over again, lifting a new detail each time, discarding portions of the story that don't fit, and establishing with the E-meter the exact date that the past-life incident allegedly occurred.

Although the preclear sometimes views this whole task with something less than enthusiasm, Hubbard was so elated with it that he wrote of his plans to write a sequel to this book, which was to be called Where Were You Buried? He asked his auditors for help on this project by checking their preclears for recent deaths and then going to the place of burial and locating the grave and or getting the copy of the death roll from an official source. That this book never appeared may be attributed to a number of things. Perhaps Hubbard was too busy with his other books and projects. Maybe the auditors thought that such experimentation on a preclear was cruel. Possibly the preclear refused to "confront" the incident or give his permission for the data to be disclosed. And finally, maybe when the past lives were actually checked out by going to the grave or official source, they were found to be fantasies instead of memories.

CHAPTER FIVE
SPREADING THE WORD

Tell someone about Scientology. just by knowing that Scientology exists, a person is better. --- L. Ron Hubbard

A second possible reason for their relentless proselytizing is that for any individual member a Scientologist bring in, say a friend, he receives a five to fifteen percent cash rebate, usually ten percent, on whatever money that other person spends in the group. Even if a Scientologist decides not to double as a salesman, he may not have much of a choice, since some Scientologists have been made to sign pledges promising to "help Ron (Hubbard) clear this planet." Pressure has also occasionally been applied to people who didn't help "Ron." One former member reported that Scientologists were routinely questioned during their auditing sessions about their progress since entering Scientology. If they had done nothing, they might occasionally be punished by being made to write a five-hundred-word composition explaining why they hadn't spread the word. Hopefully, their techniques are a bit more sophisticated today.

While Scientologists generally approach their friends and former acquaintances in an effort to gain converts, they are not averse to soliciting strangers. This is usually done by handing out leaflets or tickets inviting people to "step into the exciting world of the totally free." They have also used their books and brochures to lure strangers. One girl was approached on a Fifth Avenue bus in Manhattan by a man who handed her Dianetics; The Modern Science of Mental Health, told her it would change her life, and then disappeared or so she thought. When she tried to get off the bus, he blocked her and demanded $5 for the book. In another case, two Scientologists put an ad in the Village Voice asking $1 for a book "in a plain wrapper." Those who were expecting pornography were sorely disappointed. For they received a twelve-page brochure called "All About Scientology"' a booklet which is given away for free at the Orgs or Churches.

Scientologists have also advertised their services in newspapers, under the heading of Church (in the New York Times) and sometimes in the classified telephone directories, under such headings as IQ Tests, Personality Development, and Personnel Consultants. In the classified Tunbridge Wells, England area telephone directory, though, they accidentally appeared under the heading of "Zoo." Lest anyone suspect it was an intentional accident, the phone company explained to the paper that the Scientologists asked them to put their ad on the last page of the directory "and in this case it was possible."

Hubbard, in his PABS (Preclear Auditor Bulletin) suggested three additional ways to disseminate Scientology. In the first method he told the Scientologists to put an ad in the newspaper saying "Personal counselling I will talk to anyone for you about anything. Phone Reverend so and so between hour and hour." Hubbard, however, told them not to help the person who was calling, because that "cancel(s) out his clientele." Instead he suggested that they should first credit the fact that "this is a pretty big problem" and then not talk to the person in such a way as to ease the problem. "This may be the last problem this person has and it would be a disservice to simply solve it as easily as that. One makes something of the problem, not makes nothing of it..."

Hubbard may have anticipated that such methods might be questioned or criticized, and he seemed anxious that the press not find out who was behind them. He told the Scientologists:

One does not bring the word Scientology into press interviews. One simply talks about the Church, its work and immediately it converses on actual cases which have been handled. I repeat, it does not discuss Scientology with the press.

But what if the press suspects anyway, and then asks what Scientology is? Hubbard wrote:

... the minister should shrug and say there are lots of textbooks about that and that he does not propose to teach a course in an advanced science to pages of the public press [sic], that it is the Church and the church's charitable activities which are behind this, not Scientology. He should also say that today's ministers are indoctrinated in many learnings and skills and Scientology happens to be chiefest amongst these.

The second method he suggested, which he and his current wife personally utilized, was called "Illness Researchers." Hubbard told the Scientologists to place an ad in the local newspaper that said polio victims (or arthritics) should call them. Hubbard suggested they sign the ad as a "research organization" or a "charitable organization." When the people answering the ad arrived at the headquarters, they were given about three hours of free group auditing, and then later were sold individual auditing sessions.

This technique was not calculated to endear Scientology, to the medical profession, but Hubbard emphasized that Scientologists were not offering a treatment or cure for these illnesses, but were just "investigating" them, and therefore the medical laws did not apply to them. He added that this method was acceptable for an auditor or minister, and that "even a ditch digger can look over polio or arthritis or asthma or anything else."

In "Casualty Contact," the third method, Hubbard recommended that Scientology ministers scan the newspapers for accident cases and obituaries and get the disabled and the relatives of the deceased to "join the Church for comfort." He said that the minister should take "every daily paper he can get his hands on and cut from it every story whereby he might have a preclear." The Minister should get the address of the person, from the story itself or by calling up the newspaper and saying he's a minister. The minister should then call the person or his family and represent himself "as a minister whose compassion was compelled by the newspaper story concerning the person," wrote Hubbard.

What if the press finds out about this one? Hubbard emphasized that the minister should 'simply say that it is a mission of the Church to assist those who are in need of assistance,' and again avoid discussing Scientology. Instead, Hubbard said he should "talk about the work of ministers and how all too few ministers these days get around to places where they are needed."

CHAPTER SIX
THE ORG

Step into the Exciting World of the Totally Free. -- from a Scientology subway ad

Once someone succumbs to any one of these methods, his first formal contact with Scientology is usually at the headquarters, or Org as they call it, for a free lecture and film and a personality test, the first two to see if he wants Scientology the last perhaps to determine if he needs it. Each evening in Manhattan, a couple of dozen people arrive for this process at the main Org, which is located in the Grand Ballroom of the Hotel Martinique at Thirty-second Street and Broadway. In the Scientology section of the hotel, the atmosphere has been described as similar to the Defense Department. Certain areas are off-limits, no pictures can be taken, and one writer was photographed during his interview from every answer as if for a Wanted Poster. Another was told that her story had to be "checked for accuracy" before the Scientologists would "permit it to be released." Another writer who brought a tape recorder to an interview was not only not permitted to use it, but to add insult to injury the Scientologists put on their own tape recorder and recorded him. And finally, no one can enter the Org until he writes down his name and address, in keeping with Hubbard's order to "register everyone even the postman."

>From the moment he registers he may get as many as seventy pieces of mimeographed mail for as long as four years afterwards. most of this mail lives up to Hubbard's statement that quantity is more important than quality. Begging the Scientologists to remove your name from the mailing list often does no good. The Australians reported that if someone wrote to have his name removed, the Scientologists wrote them back suggesting that the meaning of their letter wasn't quite clear to them.

One Manhattan actor who spent a weekend in Scientology and was immediately disenchanted because the night before the first course they had called him to take more courses tried to make it clear that he did not want to receive the incessant phone calls and letters to which a Scientology friend of his had been subjected. The Scientologists told him to tell this to the "Student Examiner," but when he did, he was hounded to reveal the name of his Mend. When he refused, he was "escorted" to the Ethics Officer, who again pressed him for the name of that friend who had complained about the phone calls so that they could "call him and talk with him about it."

After the potential convert, or to quote Hubbard, the "raw meat" registers, he is directed to a converted classroom to hear a Scientology lecture that sounds like a cross between a Jehovah's Witness pep talk about the Day of Doom and the spiel of a used car salesman. The lecture is apparently no better in England. During one lecture there, the audience cheered every time someone had the courage to yawn or walk out. One man finally got up and said "if Scientology is so good, why are there not better lecturers?" He walked out to the loudest applause of the evening.

After the lecture and sales pitch, potential converts are shown an old film of Hubbard and given the American Personality Test. This test was written by a Scientologist with a B. Sen., D. Sen., and D.D. degrees. While someone looking at this quickly might think she is well qualified to write such a test with a Bachelor of Science, a Doctor of Science degrees, her degrees actually stand for Bachelor of Scientology, Doctor of Scientology and Doctor of Divinity in the Church of Scientology only. The author also has a B.A, but that does not necessarily have an academic counterpart in Scientology either. One Scientologist admitted that her B.A. stood for Basic Administrator" and "Book Auditor." To become a "Book Auditor" she only had to buy one of Hubbard's books, apply the principles to someone else, and send in for her certificate.

Sometimes the results of the personality test are presented to a person not so much to enlighten him as to his difficulties and problems as to enlighten him about what Scientology can do for him. While analyzing the test, Hubbard told his followers to make remarks such as "Scientology can influence this" or "auditing can remedy that," etc., and added "we will take full advantage of the superstitions of people at the level of prediction." Hubbard also told them that they should not precede a statement that a score on a particular item was low with something like "don't worry" because "this cancels impingement."

In addition to "enlightening" people, the test has also been used to intimidate them into joining Scientology. The Australian Inquiry reported that one boy who took the test claims they told him he had a defective character, was mentally unstable, and would have a mental breakdown unless he joined Scientology. (They also suggested that he had homosexual tendencies.) When he refused to join nonetheless, people at the Org took turns for a year writing him personal letters to remind him of his difficulties as reflected on the test, and his need to join them to remedy it.

After a person takes the test, he does not "sign up" for a course in Scientology he 'joins,' as author William Burroughs put it. Anyone who does decide to join the Church of Scientology that night must then sign a contract, which has his name filled in even before he agrees to look at it.

"If a person is on your premises longer than five minutes sign him on a release form," wrote Hubbard. "If he won't sign a release, he is going to give you trouble so get rid of him."

After signing this, and paying for the first course, one becomes a Scientologist. And as Hubbard often says about that state of affairs, "May you never be the same again."

CHAPTER SEVEN
THE SEA. ORG

L. Ron Hubbard, flanked by the powerful highly trained O.T. of the Sea Org, has forged through gigantic barriers... has identified the true enemy of Mankind on this planet. --- from a Scientology mailing piece

Hubbard himself is never at any of these home Org's any more. He now lives on the mysterious Sea Org, a trio of secret ships that sails the Mediterranean. Hubbard lives on the flagship, the Royal Scotsman (also called The Apollo), a 3.330 ton 320-foot converted Irish cattle ferry with LRH (L. Ron Hubbard) vividly painted on the funnel. LRH or Hubbard, has the title of "Commodore" and his beautiful twenty-two year old daughter Diana, who is also on board, has been given the unlikely title of Lieutenant-Commander. Along with them are Hubbard's present wife, four of his seven children from his three marriages, his dog, and two cars. In addition, the Sea Org is a training fleet for at least 200 white-uniformed Scientologists and their children who range in age from six months to sixty years. With the exception of the children, the rest are said to have signed a billion-year contract with Hubbard (presumably to include their thetans in future lives) to help him help the world. To accomplish this goal, Scientologists not only work for Hubbard gratis, but it appears that they may even pay to be on the boat, as many of them there are in training to become Operating Thetan VIII the highest level in Scientology and to reach that level costs a few thousand dollars more than it does to become a clear." Their dedication is reflected not only financially. Sea Org Scientologists work a difficult eight hour day and spend their evenings studying Scientology. Even the children on the boat work for Scientology as messengers.

Life on board is hard, and punishment is strict. It is said that someone might be an officer one day and for punishment be sent to swab the decks the next. The London Sunday Times carried an item about a wealthy Californian who was wearing an officer's uniform when he first arrived at the Sea Org, but for being late, he was given dirty blue overalls and made to work in the galleys.

Although it's hard to figure out why any country would complain about a ship full of hard working people at her ports, at least one country was sufficiently displeased with them to kick them out of their Harbour on twenty-four hour notice. In Corfu, Greece, where the Scientologists were said to be spending about S1500 a day for provisions and boat repairs, it would seem that the government had little to complain about. But after seven months there, the Minister of the Interior kicked them out. He gave no reason except that they were declared ';undesirable."

The country may have been displeased with the strange behaviour of those living on the Sea Org. Local people complained about seeing Scientology children of eight or nine years old being made to walk the plank into the Aegean, and one Scientology publication depicts a similar punishment that was meted out to an older member. (It is not known who saves them, but since Scientologists have jobs for everything, Director of Success, Letter Registrar, etc., maybe they have a "Rescue Registrar.") On another occasion, locals reported that twenty-four Scientologists left the ship one day and marched half a mile along the quayside in "military step" wearing no raincoats despite the pouring rain. One outsider, Captain John Jones, reported to a London newspaper some of the things that happened while he was sailing with one of the smaller ships.

"The crew were sixteen men and four women who wouldn't know a trawler from a tramcar," he allegedly stated. He complained that he was made to run the ship according to the Sea Org Book and that electrical equipment, other than lights, radio and direction finder, and other advanced equipment he had on board could not be used. (Probably because the Scientologists feared it would interfere with the functioning of their E-meters.) He reported that "using the Org Book navigation system based on radio beams from the B.B.C., and other stations we were soon hopelessly lost."

Mystery surrounds the ship. Hubbard is said to sleep during the day, rise at 6 P.M. and is almost never seen outside. Most of the people on the boat don't see him either, except for his personal staff and officers. The latter have meetings with him upon written request. Outsiders are not even sure exactly where on the boat Hubbard lives, although one reporter suspected it was in the middle of the upper part of the deck where "a corridor leads to what few cabins there are with a notice forbidding entry." It is said that most of the other people sleep in dormitory-like accommodations. Captain Jones, mentioned before, said the men and women on his ship shared the same quarters with only a blanket dividing the sections.

Hubbard also keeps the purpose of the ship well hidden. Although he initially admitted that the Sea Org was established as a mobile headquarters for setting up new bases or correcting old ones, he now seems to want people to think they're all there for "exploration" not Scientology. The stationery used by the ship is imprinted with "The Hubbard Exploration Company Ltd." (no address given). One spokesman for the ship said its purpose was "basically to search for oil and gas in the Mediterranean and elsewhere," and in one communique, Hubbard stated the ship was in Greece "to explore and study the decline of ancient civilisation and so [learn] how this current one is going," Hubbard has even denied to interviewers. in the earlier days when he talked with them, that the ship or he was connected to Scientology although Telex reports from Saint Hill were directly in front of him.

Another mystery concerns Linda Hicks, a very beautiful twenty-two-year-old British blond who joined the Sea Org and then disappeared. Her father, who had a heart condition, claimed that his only daughter had initially become involved with Scientology in Las Palmas, and that when he saw her afterwards, "she... dyed her fair hair black... she was filthy, and her mind seems to have gone off the rails." The News of the World, which printed the story, said that Linda allegedly sent the letter below to her boy friend at home, saying she had been hypnotised on the Sea Org and had been married without conscious consent to another Scientologist.

Darling Oscar

So many terrible things have happened to me since I waved good-bye to you at Palmas. Oh why didn't you MAKE me leave that boat, Oscar? Did you know what was happening to me? I honestly didn't know.

But I feel sick for you in Las Palmas --- do you feel that way for me now? Was it holiday romance or will you always love me, how I love you?

Darling what did those people do to me. They changed me, you... saw it, why didn't you make me leave?

They make people's minds sick, they influenced me, they tried to make me change against you.

I became sick and hysterical and they put me on one of those machines [probably the E-meter] Then someone talked for two hours to me. [The News of the World reported a reference here to her marrying one of the boys on the boat.]

I can't remember very much about it, except that after two days at home I began to change back to the old "Mummy" that you loved and started to remember --- things they were evil.

Oh my darling, what a terrible mistake I made...

What happens on the Sea Org may forever remain a mystery, since those on the ship stay for quite a while and have little or no contact with their friends and family back home. One story did leak out, however, that adds to the intrigue. It suggests that although joining the Sea Org may be voluntary, leaving it may not always be. When one of the Sea Org ships was docked in Corfu, the London Times reported that a number of people on shore had seen a female Scientologist and her two children attempt to run off the boat screaming and they then saw her dragged back in by uniformed Scientologists on the ship before she could reach the roadway. The Harbour master in Corfu, a friend of Scientology, said he saw "no reason for an investigation."

CHAPTER EIGHT
THE BRITISH AND AUSTRALIAN ORGS

If Britain acts, then you must know that the hour is late. -South African minister of health urging their Parliament to have an Inquiry

During these early days, Hubbard was said to have gotten up at Hyde Park's Speakers Corner, to have grown giant radishes which he said had been exposed to X-rays, and to have invited a local journalist to Saint Hill to tell him of his theory that plant life can feel and think. If Hubbard really believed this, he apparently didn't care what the plant felt or thought, since he promptly attached the plant to an E-meter, stuck pins into the plant, tore off its leaves, and reduced it to a ruined stump. Unlike the plant, Scientology and Hubbard thrived in the mysterious manor. Scientology however, has not been accorded, or at least permitted, the same religious status in England as in America, since the British Registrar General refused to register Saint Hill as a place of worship under the Place of Worship Registration Act. ("While Scientology may be wholly admirable, I find it difficult to reach the conclusion that it is a religion.") So Hubbard has had to be happy with running a college, "controlling the operation," as he said in one interview, and sending his decrees, politics, etc., by Telex to his Orgs and franchises in five continents while collecting his ten percent and more. But things began to sour, and some time after Hubbard left England to establish the Sea Org, he was barred from returning to the country. He says this was because the government didn't like his books. "I have committed no crime," he said, "except writing about helping people to be happy. Mr. Caltahan [who probably barred him] doesn't like people to be happy obviously."

Although the British did not seem to object to Hubbard's books-or to making people happy - many complained about the Scientologists themselves, who were allegedly passing out their literature at Rugby matches held in aid of the blind, letting school children distribute Scientology propaganda, and sending out letters soliciting children from six to fourteen years old as members. Some of the biggest outcries against Scientology came from the town of East Grinstead, where right from the beginning, the local residents were upset over the enormous number of people entering and leaving Saint Hill manor which was registered as a residence. But Hubbard, even three years after he arrived there, insisted he had only his personal staff at the manor and allegedly stated "I guess they ... noticed all the traffic. There's been a lot of excitement here. I've discovered a kind of psychological treatment which would make people live twenty to twenty-five years longer."

The traffic increased and so did the antagonism. The townspeople were worried that their children might become Scientologists, perhaps justifiably, since they and their children were constantly being solicited to join Scientologists allegedly said they planned to make East Grinstead the first "clear town." School officials complained that they couldn't even let the children go outside without encountering Scientologists. Some complained that they didn't even have to go outside to be bothered by them. One nun stated that Scientologists entered her school grounds and tried to talk to the students. She got rid of them once by mentioning the word "police," and on another occasion, she claimed, a Scientologist put his foot in the door and she stomped on it. Some of the local residents complained that they too didn't have to go out of their houses to encounter the Scientologists, who supposedly called them at their homes and said, "I am your local Scientologist. Is there anything you need?"

There were also some Scientology scandals in the town: "death lessons" (to be discussed later) and a scandal in December of 1967, when a number of Scientology children were picked up for shoplifting, and a girl who was taking a Scientology course was accused of immoral behaviour. The News of the World, which broke the story said that a fifteen-year-old girl who was taking a Scientology course was found asleep near East Grinstead with three men in a scrap metal truck. The next day, the girl allegedly admitted that she had had intercourse with three boys, once with a man she met at a youth club, the second time at a party where she said she got very drunk, and the third time with a gipsy, one of the men found with her in the truck. Their being Scientologists or children of Scientologists may have had nothing to do with their behaviour, but Scientology was condemned nonetheless.

Another scandal in England which indirectly involved Scientology occurred in 1964. At that time, two Scientologists, Mary Ann, an illegitimate daughter of a Scots mill worker, and Robert de Grinston, a Scientologist, met in Scientology, married, and then left the Scientology movement. They began their own group, which they called the "Process," although it was nicknamed "The Mindbenders" by others. and incorporated a number of Scientology ideas, including the E-meter. Instead of worshipping Hubbard, members of the Process worshipped Mary Ann de Grinston, and many of the members truly believed she was God, a delusion that Mary Ann and her husband did nothing to discourage. Mary and Bob lived upstairs in their large home, above the other members who were living five to six to a room. When they came downstairs, the Sunday Telegraph in England described, "They descended like Gods. She was the resident deity. He her consort." Members were so anxious to please and emulate her, that when she bought an Alsatian dog, everyone else in the group did also. By 1966, the Process had moved, Alsatian dogs and all, to Mexico, where they were living in "paradise," according to them, with no gas, electricity, sanitation. water, or beds, at a cost of approximately $8 a day divided among fifteen people. In England, the Daily Express estimated that over two hundred people had been involved with the Process at one time or another, and that at least three had suffered nervous breakdowns.

Although the article in the Daily Express suggested that the group had dissolved, its obituary was written prematurely. On September 14, 1969, the Sunday Mirror in England reported that three Americans "with large dogs" were sailing on the Queen Elizabeth II to join the Process now called "The Final Church of Judgement." Apparently the Process is still thriving in England. Only now it is obviously Robert who is the worshipped one. He is called "The Christ of Carnaby Street." In addition to deifying him, the group worships Satan, Lucifer, Jehovah and Christ, who are all regarded as having equal status. The group also worships sex, and the Sunday Mirror reported that their magazine, The Process contained articles probing all types of perversions, stating "let no so-called sin, perversion and depravity escape your searching senses, participate in all of them to overflowing." They also suggested a few, such as sex in an alleyway with people walking in the nearby street, intercourse with a cripple or halfwit. flagellation, necrophilia, sex in a cemetery, and Black Mass, which is to be finished by "Divine degradation."

But one of the biggest Scientology scandals in England occurred in 1967. The Scientologists took a girl into the group, Karen Henslow, who had been in psychiatric institutions three times during her life (although the Scientologists claim they do not take people who have a history of institutionalisation.) Miss Henslow had a relapse while in Scientology (See Chapter 21)

The British finally began to look into Scientology and into the complaint letters received by the British Ministry of Health. Mr. Peter Hordern, MP of Hersham, who had originally brought up the case of Karen Henslow in Parliament, asked the Minister of Health, then Kenneth Robinson. to conduct an inquiry into Scientology although Robinson decided not to do so at the time, he did make some rather unflattering statements about the Scientologists. Robinson said that they "direct themselves to the weak, the unbalanced, the immature, the rootless, and the mentally or emotionally unstable," and that their "authoritarian principles . . . are a potential menace... to the personality and well-being of those so deluded as to become its followers." Although he regretted that he had no power under the existing laws to prohibit the practice of Scientology, he said that "the government has concluded that it is so objectionable that it would be right to take all steps within its power to curb its force." In return, the Scientology newspaper Freedom has made some rather unflattering statements about Kenneth Robinson and his association with the National Association of Mental Health, which they believe is part of a vast conspiracy against them. One step Robinson took to curb the growth of Scientology was to make the "Hubbard College of Scientology" no longer an educational establishment. This meant that foreigners and commonwealth citizens could no longer enter England to study (or work) there, nor would those who were already there be given extensions. David Gaiman, the Scientology spokesman in England, called this move "another example of ill-intentioned, diabolic, pompous, official bumbledom", and said later, "We are certainly no worse than other minority groups like Jehovah's Witnesses or Plymouth Brethren... at this rate [they] will turn around tomorrow and without giving any reason ban Roman Catholics."

Although this policy of barring Scientologists was rigidly enforced at first (and an entire plane load of American Scientologists was turned back), Scientologists report that enforcement has been rather lax lately. Perhaps that's because the British have decided to take even more drastic steps. An inquiry into the Scientology organization is currently under way.

The decision to set up this inquiry was announced in the House of Commons on January 27, 1969, by Mr. Richard Crossman, Secretary of State for Social Services, who also stated that Sir John Foster, QC, would conduct the inquiry. In view of what was called in Parliament the " assassinations" perpetrated by the Scientologists against those who have previously attacked them (especially in Australia, where the Scientologists were even said to have sent agents out after those who opposed them), Sir John Fosters job is not an enviable one.

Mr. Crossman also stated at that time that Sir John Foster would take evidence for this inquiry privately, and that the witnesses would not be on oath. because the "kind of evidence we want will come from people of a nervous nature, who will not face cross-examination or any public examination." The Scientologists countered this statement by saying that if they wanted evidence from people of a nervous nature "this immediately precludes Scientologists who are happy, relaxed, and purposeful."

While a private inquiry. with no cross-examination and on oath, may not be in keeping with most people's idea of English jurisprudence, Mr. Crossman explained why he chose an inquiry of this sort. It can be assumed that his final metaphor was an unintentional slur to the Scientologists.

Unfortunately, the choice is very limited for the government. We either have to have a formal inquiry under the Tribunals of Inquiry Evidence ... Act... or we have to have the sort which I have proposed. I thought that to use the former would be to take a sledgehammer to crack a nut.

The Scientologists stated their opinion of this inquiry, and its nature, in Freedom.

To take executive action against a Church, banning Scientologists from coming into the country and then seven months later hold an inquiry to provide, if it can be found, the evidence to justify the action is to find guilt without any trial to accept gossip, privately and not on oath may be alright [sic.] to handle a problem in Bognor Rejs, but it is not ethical to conduct a private smear campaign against 150.000 people in the British Isles. This is the way a witch hunt begins, this is the way a police state gets into operation, and this is the way in which men, Callagan, Crossman and Robinson attempt to back up their poor faulty judgment and faulty decision taken in the full glare of worldwide publicity because they haven't the Face to admit they were wrong in the first place. This is gross misuse of Ministerial Office.

The article also implied that all this was part of a "conspiracy" against Scientology, and in a later issue of Freedom, they revealed who was part of this "Anti-Scientology Organization Chart" and "Electric Death Camp Utopia." They named seven countries, with the National Association of Mental Health in the forefront of almost all of them, and in England, they also implicated several members of Parliament, Dr. Russell Barton, a prestigious British psychiatrist, and the News of the World and the Daily Mail. Both of these papers have written a number of negative articles on Scientology and Hubbard. and a couple of issues cast doubt on both his qualifications and his sanity.

The English Scientologists have recently made a number of moves to help polish their tarnishing image. They ended some of their more criticized policies, such as security checking and "disconnecting" (to be discussed later). They also opened Saint Hill Manor to outsiders, for what David Gaiman said would be "rather like a vicarage tea party." He promised donkey and pony rides for the children and Scientology films and cartoons for the adults. John McMasters, the first clear (who is also Hubbard's very eloquent personal spokesman), would speak, and soft drinks (no alcohol) would be served. David Gaiman stated that Mr. Robinson was invited, but that he wrote saying he was unable to attend.

In addition, Scientology have actively started promoting Dianetics again, perhaps in anticipation of a prohibition of Scientology, or possibly to partially dissociate themselves from Scientology while it is getting negative publicity. Although Scientologists have boasted that the publicity has actually helped them, certain things suggest that while this may have been true initially ,(and there may have been an initial influx of curiosity-seekers who came to find out what all the fuss was about), in the long run the publicity may not have done them much good. One would expect that if it really had increased their number, the Scientologists would be anxious to identify themselves and their services with the group that was getting the publicity. Instead, they are now emphasizing Dianetics. Last summer, there was no mention of Scientology in their entire Tottenham Court Road bookshop and the only books and signs around were about Dianetics. (The Scientologists, however, seemed to have forgotten to pull down their marquee, which said "Scientology on it.) They are also attempting, perhaps, to win back some of their critics, such as members of the medical profession. Toward this last goal, one recent issue of Freedom, which for the first time promoted Dianetics instead of Scientology said that people who are sick must receive medical attention before starting on Dianetics. However, the statement that "Dianetic Counsellors work very closely with Doctors in England" would perhaps make many doctors livid.

Scientologists have reason to be concerned right now. If the British Inquiry' has the same results as the Australian one (and it could be even worse for them, since at the Australian Inquiry, Scientologists were permitted to be present, witnesses were on oath, and they were cross-examined), Scientology could be banned in England as well. Scientologists are understandably bitter about the Australian Report. It is an incredible denunciation of the Scientologists, and even says that they have "no worthwhile redeeming features." Almost every paragraph of the report is a criticism. Where evidence could perhaps have been interpreted equivocably, either for or against them, it was consistently interpreted against them.

Hubbard is extremely hostile to the report. According to the Sun, in England, he claims he was forbidden to appear at the Inquiry, and that no testimony or witnesses on his behalf were heard. According to the Inquiry, many of the witnesses were Scientologists and the Scientologists were represented until they voluntarily withdrew. The Board also claimed that they repeatedly invited Hubbard to attend but that he failed to do so. They felt he stayed away purposely so as to have something to criticise the Board for. They also believed that he didn't appear because if he had taken the stand and repudiated his writings, he would have appeared deceitful, and if he had not disowned them, he stood "condemned by their content." Hubbard, by the way, has been invited to testify at the British Inquiry. So far he has failed to show.

Scientologists believe that they were condemned in Australia because various prosecution witnesses "connived to produce hostile evidence." Furthermore they claim that only four witnesses said Scientology hadn't helped them, and that they have "affidavits" which show that "one of these was a blackmailer, the second a professional car thief, the third was brainwashed by the first two, and the last was intimidated by terrorism." Since 151 witnesses testified, the Scientologists argue that if only four people said Scientology hadn't helped them, Scientology is 97.351 percent effective. They also argue although they claim they are not a form of therapy that psychiatry is only twelve percent effective with eighty-eight percent "maimed for life or dead."

Actually the Scientologists may be correct in stating that only four people specifically, stated that Scientology, hadn't helped them, but a number of witnesses said things about Scientology that made them look a lot worse than that, and a great deal of written testimony was introduced that was even more damaging to them than the verbal statements. In addition. among the 151 people that Scientologists said were helped by Scientology, many were expert witnesses in science, physics, medicine, psychiatry, etc., who presented evidence, more often against than for Scientology. (The reader also should not get confused over the Scientologists' numbers. One hundred fifty-one witnesses gave testimony at the Australian Inquiry and this was explicitly stated in the report. The Scientologists seem to think it was 155, because they keep talking about the 151 witnesses for Scientology plus the four against it. Some of their other arguments against this Inquiry - also suggest that those who are most outspoken against it, did not read it very carefully.)

Finally, the Scientologists also argue that the report is unfair because the psychiatrists who testified against Scientology were incapable of judging it inasmuch as they had never personally treated a Scientologist. But Scientologists are not permitted to undergo psychiatric treatment, so few psychiatrists would have had the opportunity to treat them. In addition, many of these psychiatrists read transcripts or descriptions of sessions so they had something to base their opinions on. (It appears that some may have also watched the sessions through a two-way mirror.) And finally, to say that psychiatric opinion on the merits of a certain type of treatment is worthless because the psychiatrists hadn't personally treated the person involved is not much different from saying that a ballistic expert cannot be called in a court trial because he didn't personally know the man who shot the gun.

One thing no one can argue about --a lot of testimony was produced. Kevin Andersen, QC, now Justice Andersen of the Supreme Court of Victoria spent 160 days listening to four million words totally 8,921 pages of testimony, or, as the Scientologists put it "not much shorter than the Nuremberg trials." Some of this was condensed into a very-difficult-to-obtain (fortunately for the Scientologists) 201-page report, which makes repeated references to the depravity and perversions they claimed existed in the Scientology movement. (It also keeps promising that more information on this will be included in Appendix 19, and so the fingers eagerly fly to the back of the report only to discover with much sadness that there is no Appendix 19. It was not included because the various members of the government considered it to be "obscene.")

On the basis of the testimony, the report concluded that "Scientology is evil; its techniques evil; its practice a serious threat to the community, medically, morally and socially; and its adherents are sadly deluded and often mentally ill." The Victorian Parliament accepted Andersen's conclusion that Scientology was the "world's largest organization of unqualified persons engaged in the practice of dangerous techniques which masquerade as mental therapy," and passed the 1965 "Psychological Practices Act." This Act, among other things, makes teaching Scientology, applying it, or even advertising it punishable by up to $500 and two years in jail.

But Scientology seems to be making a comeback in Victoria right now since they are holding "religious services" for approximately sixty-five people a week in an unmarked house that is said to contain a "chapel," along with the usual pictures of Hubbard, books by Hubbard, Scientology charts and a small box in the entrance asking for donations for Scientology expansion.

CHAPTER NINE
ATTACKING THE ATTACKERS

People who live in tin houses shouldn't throw can openers. --- L. Ron Hubbard

Many newspapers and magazines in America, England and Australia which printed articles on Scientology ran into legal problems with the Scientologists, and in England it was estimated that fifty-eight writs had been issued by the Scientologists. Mr. Peter Horden spoke out against this in Parliament in March of 1967, saying: "The public has been hampered in the knowledge of Scientology by the fact that so far as I can establish, on every occasion that the organization has been named by a newspaper, that newspaper has been sued with a writ for libel." In September of 1968, the Scientologists issued a writ of libel on him.

Obviously this stifles freedom of the press, and the Scientologists have admitted that they will "sue at the slightest chance" to discourage the media from mentioning Scientology. Hubbard wrote:

We do not want Scientology to be reported in the press anywhere else but on the religion page of newspapers. It is destructive of word of mouth to permit the public press to express their biased and badly reported sensationalism. Therefore we should be very alert to sue for slander at the slightest chance so as to discourage the public press from mentioning Scientology

Scientologists are quick to sue not only those who write against them, but also those who speak against them, and some of their suits have been contradictory and amusing. When Dr. Russell Barton (the British psychiatrist mentioned in the previous chapter), spoke out against them on a television program, he received a letter suing him for the statements he made "on February 31st." If the Scientologists had acted with less haste, perhaps they would have had time to remember that there are only twenty-eight days in February. In another case, the Scientologists had several outstanding writs against some of the members of the East Grinstead Council, but approached them nonetheless for help in a housing development. In a third case, after serving a writ of libel in England on Geoffrey Johnson Smith, they asked Smith for "support and advice" about a housing estate they wanted to build in East Grinstead. This last case by the way, one of the few that Scientologists ever took to court, had some recent disastrous effects for the Scientologists. They lost this libel case on December 22, 1970, and were ordered to pay court costs that are estimated at close to $200,000.

The Scientologists attitude toward litigation is in keeping with Hubbard's philosophy that "the DEFENSE of anything is UNTENABLE. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK." Fortunately for the press, they have decided to start attacking other institutions, and they withdrew thirty-eight of their cases against newspapers in England in November of 1968, "in celebration of the fact that we now 'know who the enemy really is." Not that their suing policy is over.

In fact, on September 30. 1970, it was reported in the New York Post that the Scientologists were suing Delacourt Publishers and author George Malko for a book they did on Scientology. (The Scientologists also announced that they had hired Melvin Belli, the famous flamboyant attorney who once unsuccessfully defended Jack Ruby for their case.) But in addition to suing the press, they, are now also suing psychiatric organisations, and they claim to have filed, or be about ready to file, over $75 million worth of law suits in that department.

In addition to suing those who attack them. Scientologists have subjected their enemies to a campaign of vilification. Members of Parliament who have spoken out against them have been accused by the Scientologists of bribery, corruption. and even "of following the order of a hidden foreign group that... has as its purpose seizing any being whom they dislike or who will not agree and permanently disabling and killing them." And to support their suspicions about people who attack them, the Scientologists have hired detectives to investigate these people.

Hubbard wrote that since Scientology, had found out the basic fundamentals of man and the universe, "How much easier then to find out the secrets or histories and motives of one person or group?" In that same pamphlet, "Why People Fight Scientology," he also claims that they have "investigated thousands of such protesting persons." Lest an outsider get the wrong idea, Hubbard elsewhere assured them that Scientology was not a "law enforcement agency." But, he added, they would become "interested in the crimes of people who seek to stop us. If you oppose Scientology we will promptly look up and will find and expose your crimes those who try to make life hard for us are at a risk."

One type of investigation Hubbard suggested was what he called "noisy investigations." He wrote in 1966 that if someone gave Scientology trouble, "find out where he or she works or worked... and phone 'em up and say 'I am investigating Mr./Mrs. for criminal activities and he/she has been trying to prevent man's freedom and is restraining my religious freedom and that of my friends and children, etc.'"

But it appears that the Scientologists' investigations are not confined to phone calls. They have made no attempt to hide the fact that they have hired detectives to investigate their "enemies." As early as 1955, they wrote in Ability, one of their newsletters, that they had hired a detective to investigate and "disclose any criminal past or connection" of the editor of a British Dianetic magazine. During the New Zealand Inquiry into Scientology it was also revealed that the Scientologists had placed an ad for an investigator in one of the local papers. The man who answered the ad later told the Inquiry that he was told his job would be to check on people in New Zealand and Australia to see whether they had criminal convictions, debts or troubles. He claimed he was also asked whether he had any objections to investigating lawyers, medical men or people in government circles.

The Scientologists also allegedly put an ad in the Daily Telegraph for investigators, and were prepared to hire three of them for about $80 a week plus the use of a car. One man who answered the ad, Vic Filson, an experienced private detective, told the newspaper that he was first interviewed by being made to take an E-meter test, during which time they repeatedly asked him, "Who sent you here to spy on us?" Later, when they were apparently satisfied with him, he was allegedly told that his job was to investigate the activities of English psychiatrists and prepare a dossier on each. The memo, which was reprinted in People, a British paper, read: "We want at least one bad mark on every, psychiatrist in England, a murder, an assault, or a rape or more than one. This is Project Psychiatry. We will remove them." Fitson was also told that his first job was to investigate Lord Balneil, then Chairman of the National Association of Mental Health and one of the men who had asked Kenneth Robinson to investigate Scientology.

The reason the Scientologists may have investigated those who have spoken out against them is that they firmly believe that those who attack Scientology are committing crimes themselves, which they are afraid the Scientologists will discover. Hubbard said that if someone called Scientology a "cult" or a "hoax", what they were really saying is "please please please don't find me out." Hubbard also said that if someone urged a Scientologist to leave the group or told him not to study Scientology "it should be answered by no praise of Scientology but by asking 'What have you done?' and demanding that the protesting person go to the nearest [Scientology] center for a case assessment." Hubbard suggested one simple, perhaps simplistic way to uncover a person's crime with the following sample dialogue:

George: Gwen, if you don't drop Scientology I'm going to leave you.
Gwen: (savagely) George, what have you been doing?
George: What do you mean?
Gwen: Out with it. Women? Theft? Murder? What crimes have you committed?
George: (weakly) Oh, nothing like that.
Gwen: what then?
George: I've been holding back on my pay.

Politician A stands up on his hind legs in Parliament and brays for a condemnation of Scientology. When we look him over we find crimes embezzled funds, moral lapses, a thirst for young boys-sordid stuff.

Wife B howls at her husband for attending a Scientology group. We look her up and find she had a baby he didn't know about.

In what must surely be the strangest reasoning ever, Hubbard wrote: "If Scientology was fraudulent, if it had vast but covert plans, if it did not work, it would not be fought."

Finally, Hubbard hinted that harm would come to those who fought Scientology although, of course Scientology would not in any way contribute to the disasters. Hubbard wrote that "no serious harm came to any principal or good person in Dianetics or Scientology." But on the other hand, "without any action being taken against them, of twenty-one highly placed attackers, seventeen are now dead."

If this seems hard to believe, the way in which people who are against Scientology will suffer is even harder to accept. Hubbard wrote:

I once told a bill collector what and who we were and that he had wronged a good person and a half hour later he threw a hundred grains of veronal down his throat and was lugged off to hospital, a suicide.

CHAPTER TEN
THE SUPPRESSIVES

People don't deserve to have Scientology as a divine right, you know. They have to earn it. --- L. Ron Hubbard

In a Policy Letter of April 19, 1965, Hubbard also laid down similar guidelines. "And, preclear blocking an Org [getting up and leaving] without reporting to the [Technical] [Secretary], [Director] of [Processing] and the Ethics section first, and who will not permit an auditor to handle the matter at the Org where the auditing occurred, must be fully investigated by the Ethics section at and cost."

The following is a letter Hubbard wrote to the Secretary of the Melbourne Australia headquarters about a boy who apparently "blew an Org" i.e. left, or did something equally heinous:

Horner blew up in our faces and had his certificates cancelled. We have criminal background on him. Rape of a girl pc [preclear] in Dallas and countless others. This will do something to [name omitted]. Now I firmly believe you will be able to find a criminal background this life on [two more Australian Scientologists] as no such occurrence anywhere in the world has failed to find one. I'd grab him when he comes in and security check it in to view. Run one on [two names out]. If they won't cooperate you have suspected criminal activities. It's a thrupenny push now. Horner... possibly Nibs all tie in to a neat network. we're pulling it apart.

This same Horner, the one who allegedly raped a preclear, was once such a dedicated Scientologist that he wrote a book on the subject, and in it referred to Hubbard as "one of the great geniuses of the Twentieth Century" whose "discoveries will make possible a new era of living for man." In addition, the man referred to above as "Nibs" whom Hubbard apparently saw as part of this "conspiracy" or whatever is the nickname for L. Ron Hubbard Jr., Hubbard's own son, who was a Scientologist until he quit in 1959.

The Australian Inquiry which reprinted that letter, also had a few comments on the veracity of the statements:

It is now said that accusations against Horner of "criminal background" and "of the rape of a girl pc in Dallas and countless others" were unfounded. Subsequently... Horner returned to the fold and when last heard of was a leading over-seas Scientologist who probably would be extremely surprised to know of his "criminal background" so irresponsibly publicized by Hubbard. There was no justification for the [other] accusations . . . Hubbard was merely irresponsibly asserting, as was his practice, that anyone out of line with Scientology had a criminal or communist or homosexual background.

It appears that few other Scientologists have gotten out of it or spoken against their group though, perhaps because one of the Scientology codes stated that no member was permitted to speak disparagingly of Scientology to outsiders or members of the press. This seems to work both ways, and in addition to not speaking against Scientology, Scientologists rarely listen to arguments against it either, and have little opportunity to hear both sides of the story. In fact, Hubbard told them never to discuss Scientology with a critic. "Just discuss his or her crimes, known or unknown. And act completely confident that these crimes exist. Because they do." As a concomitant to this, Scientologists rarely participate in panel discussions, perhaps because of their aversion to confrontation with critics, but also because Hubbard wrote them "why give some other subjects an audience before which it could air its views?"

Most Scientologists are anxious to adhere to this code and not speak against Scientology so much so that when one alleged Scientologist committed suicide in England, he left a note saying his suicide had nothing to do with Scientology or with his being a member of the group. (Later on, another case will be presented of someone who wanted to commit suicide, but was afraid that if he did so it would invalidate Scientology) But in the past, if a Scientologist did decide to say something against Scientology, perhaps to publicly disavow it or report or threaten to report it to civil authorities, he was immediately declared a "suppressive person" and sometimes an "enemy of Scientology." A "suppressive person" was immediately dropped from Scientology and no Scientologist in the world was permitted to associate with him. (Perhaps this doesn't seem like much of a punishment to the reader, but remember that the Scientologist has often withdrawn from his former friends and family and spends his time mainly with Scientologists.

He may not have a job to go to since he may have left his job to work for the Org, and he may have divorced his former spouse and remarried someone in the group. None of the people can have anything to do, with him.)

At various times the Scientologists have treated supressives in an even worse manner. In 1965 they were that the "homes, properties, places and abodes of persons who have been active in attempting to support Scientology or Scientologists are all beyond any protection or Scientology ethics." In an earlier code it said ' pledge myself to punish to the fullest extent of my power anyone misusing or degrading Scientology to harm friends. "At one time an enemy of Scientology, was defined as someone who could be "deprived of property injured by any means by a Scientologist... may be tricked, sued, lied to or destroyed."

Anyone who was "connected" to a suppressive, in other words, anyone who knows him, no matter how vaguely, was "reviewed" and had to pay for this review. If it came out that he was indeed "'connected," this friend or acquaintance was declared a "Potential Trouble Source" (P.T.S.), and also could not receive Scientology processing until he "handled" in other words, persuaded the errant person to make amends, or "disconnected" from that person, meaning that he too could have nothing more to do with the suppressive even if it was his spouse, lover, child, parent. etc. The P.T.S. also had to publish the fact in one of the Scientology publications, and then take "any required civil action such as disavowal, separation or divorce." Since the P.T.S. was not permitted to talk to the suppressive, he usually disconnected by sending him a letter, usually on little scraps of paper and sometimes signed off with "love," stating that he could no longer have anything to do with the suppressive, and implying or stating that the suppressive reconsider and reform himself which meant taking more Scientology, courses. If the P.T.S refused to "disconnect" from the suppressive, he was charged with "high crimes" and became a "suppressive person" and outcast also.

A person did not have to be a Scientologist to be suppressive. In the New York Org the night watchman was said to have been declared suppressive for his deeds that ranged from stealing from the petty cash box to saying that Scientology didn't work. Nor does the suppressive have to be an adult. One ten-year-old boy was declared a suppressive because he refused to "disconnect" from his father.

Another Scientology, "suppressive," now an outspoken critic of the group, called Scientology "the beginnings of a Nazi party" in court, during an American tax case. Mr. Raymond J. D. Buckingham, a very accomplished English basso who administers a voice school in Manhattan, initially got into Scientology through one of his pupils. She agreed to give him $30 worth of processing in return for an equal amount in voice lessons. At first he was so impressed with Scientology that he convinced several of his students, along with his fiance to undergo auditing. But he began to get disillusioned when he discovered that his auditor was revealing personal information about him to a friend of hers, and worse still that his fiancee's auditor (a Reverend) was propositioning her. When he complained about the situation to the Scientologists, however, they said they would speak to him about it only if he would agree to pay them $25 for the first session of "advice He agreed, but they then said they wouldn't talk to him unless he "disconnected" from a business partner.

It seemed that the Scientologists had also labelled the partner a "suppressive person" because he was connected to a suppressive. Buckingham then had the incredible courage to speak against Scientology on a radio show, and the Scientologists countered by declaring him a "suppressive person, outside their protection," and "fair game." Those of his students who had become Scientologists (at his recommendation) were ordered to "disconnect" from him and also from any money they legally owed him. (This represented a loss of about $200 a week for him.) One of his students, a famous singer, in whom he had invested almost $30,000 as her agent, told him that she had learned in her auditing sessions that "you killed me in my past fifteen lives." Then she not only disconnected from him, but also from the arrangements he had made for her to perform: in summer stock theatres. The loss almost ruined him, and her as well, since she was fined by Actors' Equity and left the country. During this time, he was also receiving phone calls in the middle of the night from men and women threatening to kill him. And his fiance, who at first didn't leave Scientology and join him, was held in a room at the Org for four hours until she agreed to sign a statement saying that Buckingham had threatened to kill her. The story does have a happy ending. Three in fact. Mr. Buckingham and his fiance eventually did get married. The ten-year-old child who was declared suppressive four years ago is now one of Mr. Buckingham's voice students. And all three have left Scientology. (Scientology, however has not left them, and they still receive mail urging them to "step into the exciting world of the totally free.")'

Two other stories of Scientologists who left the group did not have such happy endings. In the first case, the Director of the Scientology institute in Bulawayo, Africa, a man named John Kennedy, was said to be responsible for its success of Scientology in Rhodesia. Naturally Hubbard was pleased with him, and in an early issue of Ability, he wrote that Kennedy and his wife "both 'knew which side of the E-meter is up, they respect you, they are Scientologists, they have goals." Unbeknownst to Hubbard, one of their goals was leaving Scientology and setting up a similar organization called the Institute of Mental Health. They set up headquarters in Johannesburg, and brought in a large number of Scientologists with them, naturally infuriating the other Scientologists. Kennedy died shortly thereafter in a shooting accident. "It is said he shot himself accidentally while cleaning his revolver" stated the Daily Mail on July 14. 1968, "but an open verdict was returned by the coroner."

Another case of someone who displeased the Scientologists is shrouded in mystery and will probably always remain so. According to the London Observer, James Stewart, a thirty-five-year-old encyclopedia salesman from South Africa was suspended from Scientology because the Scientologists allegedly said he had a "history of epilepsy and as such was refused permission to continue Scientology trig." Robert Kaufman. a former Scientologist (whose own story will be presented later) was at the Edinburgh Org at the same time as Stewart and reported some things that happened that were not printed in the newspaper. He believes the Scientologists placed Stewart's name on the bulletin board and put him in a "condition of doubt" for having seizures or fits in public and thereby "invalidating Scientology." Kaufman was horrified that someone would be punished for a physical ailment over which he had no control, especially since the "doubt penalty" meant this ill man would have had to work at menial chores for eighty hours straight without sleep. A few days after the man was placed in "doubt," Kaufman was even more upset to see the man's funeral and cremation notice posted on the bulletin board. A short while later Kaufman believes it was the afternoon he saw the funeral notice Kaufman was more shaken when it was announced that the deceased's wife had just gone up another (very high) level in Scientology. Kaufman's suspicion that the eighty-hour penalty was connected to this man's death was heightened when he returned home and one of his Scientology instructors told Kaufman that he had heard that the man hadn't really died at all and that it had all been a mistake.

* Kaufman is not 100 percent certain of the man's name but believes that it was Stewart. Stewart and Kaufman were in the same Org at the same time. In addition, it certainly seems that the man whose name Kaufman saw on the bulletin board was Stewart, because it would be extremely unlikely that two men in the Edinburgh Org at the same time, with their wives, were both suffering from seizures, and both died at the same time.

That's not what the London Observer said. They reported that Stewart was found dead fifty feet below a window. and that it was not a suicide, because the story of his death had been printed in the public press in Scotland where they do not print names of suicides, but rather incorporate them into the statistics of the annals of the Chief Constables. According to The Observer, Stewart's wife said she did not 'know how her husband's death occurred, "but she did know that it had nothing to do with Scientology."

Not many Scientologists leave the group voluntarily. Most of them firmly believe in Scientology and believe that it is helping them. But someone who is growing a bit disenchanted may think twice before quitting. Any Scientologist who has ever been thoroughly audited has revealed a great deal of intimate information about himself to an auditor whose qualifications and ethical standards could be subject to some question. The Rand Daily Mail in Africa reported that an auditor told the South African Inquiry that he was criticized because he kept the files on his patients "clean." The same auditor also told the Inquiry that the Scientologists wanted him to jot down the more "meaty" stuff people disclosed. He 'told the Inquiry that when he left Scientology he removed his files for fear of blackmail, adding that he had , often seen preclear's files with information circled, and with such statements as "we can use this" printed on it.

Perhaps it is not surprising that he was afraid of blackmail. Not only is intimate information kept in files, but the contents of the files are sometimes discussed among Scientologists. At one time, these files were even accidentally accessible to outsiders. A former Scientologist, photographer Michael Chassid, said they were once kept in an unlocked area in back of the secretary's office in New York; in Washington, Hubbard's son said "it wasn't difficult for anyone of the Founding Church to gain access to these files;" and in England, the Scientologists were so careless with their records that personal files and documents concerning two Scientology ' P.T.S.'s were allegedly found in a garbage dump, read by a workman, and brought to the Sun, who reported the story.

The Board in Australia stated that Hubbard himself was "not to be trusted to preserve confidences." They cited the case of a preclear who was trying desperately to get back in Hubbard's good graces after he had been kicked out of the group. In the hopes of a pardon, he abased himself by writing a letter to Hubbard in which he confessed to a number of sins, which "ranged from the stealing of five shillings from the mantle piece when he was six years old to very disgusting and depraved behaviour in adult life." The Scientologists produced this letter at the Australian Inquiry in an attempt to discredit this witness, and felt that they were justified in doing so because the confession was not made during an auditing session.

In Australia, Andersen said, he found "no evidence of blackmail in the popular sense" but added that the existence of these files "containing the most intimate secrets and confessions" of thousands of individuals was a "constant threat." He added that it was "even more serious because copies of these reports are also held at Saint Hill Manor."

There is no known case of any Scientologist actually having been blackmailed (although someone being blackmailed would not be very likely to admit it). But another question to consider, in addition to whether a person is being blackmailed, is whether he thinks he might be. If a Scientologist was wondering whether or not to leave the group and he heard his auditor discussing his case with a friend, as happened to Ray Buckingham, or he had been criticized for not recording "meaty" stuff, and saw files ringed "we can use this," as in the case of the South African witness, or if he knew that Hubbard had requested files of people who wanted to leave and had said to "investigate at any cost" someone who had left. or if he knew that his files were easily accessible and that they could be brought out and openly discussed at any time, wouldn't he think that he might be blackmailed and hesitate to leave Scientology? Hubbard may even want preclears to think that their secrets might at some time be revealed. It is hard to interpret his statement below, which he wrote in Why People Fight Scientology, in any other way. After ambiguously stating that the E-meter can be used "in other ways than mental health," he wrote:

Every professional Scientologist is bound by his "Code of the Scientologist" which is more strict by far than the codes binding medical doctors an